Twitter, Inc. Agreement and Plan of Merger
Signals
Four dimensions a deal lawyer flags first. Each verdict is inferred from the extracted terms.
Cash consideration paid to each Company common stockholder at the Effective Time. reverse-triangular structure, one-step merger.
Section 6.10(f) explicitly disclaims that receipt of the Debt Financing is a condition to Closing. Buyer bears the funding risk — unusual for a leveraged take-private of this scale.
Enumerated exclusions (industry, epidemics, law changes, transaction-related) are not subject to a "disproportionate impact" carve-back. This is unusually seller-favorable.
The Company is entitled to specific performance — not merely damages — to force Parent and Acquisition Sub to consummate the Merger and cause the Equity Investor to fund.
Parties
Deal terms
Closing conditions
9 conditions extracted from Article VII, grouped by whose obligation each attaches to.
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Company stockholder approval must be obtained before closing.
the Company Stockholder Approval shall have been obtained;
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HSR Act waiting period must expire or be terminated, and all required consents obtained.
any waiting period (or any extension thereof) applicable to the consummation of the Merger under the HSR Act shall have expired or early termination thereof shall have been granted; and each Consent or approval that is required under any...
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No law or order shall prohibit the merger from being completed.
no Governmental Authority of the jurisdictions set forth on Schedule A shall have enacted, issued, promulgated, enforced or entered any Law or Order which is then in effect and has the effect of restraining, enjoining, rendering illegal or
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Company must perform its obligations under the agreement up to closing.
the Company shall have performed or complied, in all material respects, with its obligations required under this Agreement to be performed or complied with by the Company on or prior to the Closing Date;
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Company's representations and warranties must be true and correct, except for those with materiality qualifiers.
each of the representations and warranties of the Company contained in this Agreement (except for the representations and warranties contained in Section 4.2(a) and Section 4.2(b)), without giving effect to any materiality or “Company
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No Company Material Adverse Effect shall have occurred.
no Company Material Adverse Effect shall have occurred and be continuing.
- No financing condition — Parent must close even if debt financing falls away ⚑ Unusual — buyer bears financing risk
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Parent must perform its obligations under the agreement up to closing.
Parent and Acquisition Sub shall have performed or complied, in all material respects, with its obligations required under this Agreement to be performed or complied with by Parent or Acquisition Sub, as the case may be, on or prior to the
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Parent's representations and warranties must be true and correct, except for those with materiality qualifiers.
each of the representations and warranties of Parent and Acquisition Sub contained in this Agreement, without giving effect to any materiality or “Parent Material Adverse Effect” qualifications therein, shall be true and correct as of the
Termination fees
If the deal collapses, $2B total is at stake — $1B each direction. Article I holds the amount; Section 8.3 holds the triggers.
Company → Parent
- Company accepts a Superior Proposal and terminates under Section 8.1(c)(ii)
- Company terminates under Section 8.1(c)(i) due to Parent's breach and failure to cure
- Company terminates under Section 8.1(c)(iii) due to Parent's failure to close within 3 days
Parent → Company
- Parent terminates under Section 8.1(d)(i) due to Company's breach and failure to cure
- Parent terminates under Section 8.1(d)(ii) due to an Adverse Board Recommendation Change
Material Adverse Effect
The buyer's principal out. Enumerated carve-outs limit which changes let Parent walk without closing.
Research memo — asked & answered
Twenty questions a mid-level M&A associate might ask, answered against the four corners of the agreement.
Deal terms
- Q01 PassWhat is the per-share price payable to Twitter common stockholders at closing?The per-share price payable to Twitter common stockholders at closing is $54.20 (Section 3.1(c)).Grounded to PREAMBLE · 4183ms
- Q02 PassWho are the parties to the merger agreement?The parties to the merger agreement are Twitter, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), X Holdings I, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Parent"), and X Holdings II, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct wholly owned Subsidiary of Parent ("Acquisition Sub") (Section 10).Grounded to ARTICLE II · 5794ms
- Q03 PassWhat is the outside date after which either party may walk away from the deal?The outside date after which either party may walk away from the deal is 5:00 p.m. (Pacific Time) on October 24, 2022, as specified in Section 8.1(b)(i) (Section 8.1).Grounded to Section 6.5 Non-Solicitation; Competing Proposals. · 45812ms
- Q18 PassWhat happens to Twitter stock options outstanding at the Effective Time?Each Twitter stock option that is vested and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be canceled and converted into the right to receive an amount in cash, without interest, equal to the product of (i) the total number of shares of Company Common Stock subject to such Vested Company Option and (ii) the excess, if any, of the Merger Consideration, over the exercise price per share of Company Common Stock underlying such Vested Company Option (the “Vested Option Consideration”); provided that if the exercise price per share of Company Common Stock underlying such Vested Company Option is equal to or greater than the Merger Consideration, such Vested Company Option shall be canceled without any cash payment or other consideration being made in respect thereof (Section 3.6(a)(i)). Unvested Twitter stock options shall be canceled and converted into the right to receive an amount in cash, without interest, equal to the product of (i) the total number of shares of Company Common Stock subject to such Unvested Company Option and (ii) the excess, if any, of the Merger Consideration, over the exercise price per share of Company Common Stock underlying such Unvested Company Option (the “Unvested Option Consideration”), subject to the holder’s continued service with Parent and its Affiliates through the applicable vesting dates (Section 3.6(ii)).Grounded to Section 3.6 Company Equity Awards. · 20917ms
Closing conditions
- Q12 PassIs HSR Act clearance a condition to closing?Yes, HSR Act clearance is a condition to closing. Specifically, the expiration or early termination of any waiting period applicable to the consummation of the Merger under the HSR Act must have occurred (or been granted) prior to the Effective Time (Section 7.1(b)).Grounded to Section 6.3 Efforts to Close; Regulatory Filings. · 5590ms
Financing
- Q04 PassIs Parent's obligation to close conditioned on receipt of debt financing?No, Parent's obligation to close is not conditioned on receipt of debt financing. Parent acknowledges and agrees that neither the obtaining of the Financing or any alternative financing, nor the completion of any issuance of securities contemplated by the Financing or any alternative financing, is a condition to the Closing (Section 6.10(f)).Grounded to Section 6.11 Financing Cooperation. · 6269ms
- Q14 PassWhat kind of debt financing has Parent arranged, and what obligations does Parent have to obtain it?Parent has arranged Bank Debt Financing, pursuant to a debt commitment letter dated as of April 25, 2022, among Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., the other financial institutions party thereto, Parent, and Acquisition Sub (Section 5.4). Parent is obligated to take all actions necessary, proper, or advisable to obtain the Equity Financing, including complying with the terms of and maintaining in effect the Equity Commitment Letter, satisfying all conditions and obligations in such Equity Commitment Letter, and consummating and funding the Equity Financing at or prior to the Closing (Section 6.10).Grounded to Section 5.4 Financing · 10384ms
- Q16 PassWho guarantees Parent's payment obligations under the agreement?The Parent Guarantee is a legal, valid, and binding obligation of the Guarantor and of each of the parties thereto, and it is enforceable in accordance with its respective terms against the Guarantor and each of the other parties thereto (Section 5.10). The Guarantor is the entity that guarantees Parent's payment obligations under the agreement.Grounded to Section 5.10 Parent Guarantee · 6439ms
Termination & fees
- Q05 PassHow much would Parent owe Twitter as a termination fee if Parent walks in breach of the agreement?Parent would owe Twitter a termination fee of $1,000,000,000 if Parent walks in breach of the agreement (Section 8.3). This amount is defined as the "Termination Fee" in the agreement (Section 9.10).Grounded to Section 8.3 Termination Fee. · 5982ms
- Q06 PassHow much would Twitter owe Parent as a termination fee if Twitter accepts a Superior Proposal?If Twitter accepts a Superior Proposal, it would owe Parent a Termination Fee of $1,000,000,000 (Section 8.3).Grounded to Section 8.3 Termination Fee. · 4369ms
- Q15 N/A in docIf a Governmental Authority blocks the merger on antitrust grounds, does either party owe a termination fee?Not stated in the provided excerpts.Grounded to Section 6.3 Efforts to Close; Regulatory Filings. · 2295ms
Remedies
- Q07 PassCan the Company specifically enforce Parent's obligation to close, or is Twitter's only remedy the termination fee?The Company can specifically enforce Parent's obligation to close under Section 9.9, which provides that the Company shall be entitled to specific performance or other equitable remedy to enforce Parent and Acquisition Sub’s obligations to cause the Equity Investor to fund the Equity Financing and to consummate the Closing under certain conditions (Section 9.9(b)). However, the Company is not permitted to receive both specific performance and payment of the Parent Termination Fee (Section 9.9(b)). The Parent Termination Fee is defined as $1,000,000,000 (Section 10).Grounded to Section 8.3 Termination Fee. · 10087ms
No-shop mechanics
- Q08 PassUnder what circumstances can the Twitter board change its recommendation in favor of the merger?The Twitter board can change its recommendation in favor of the merger if it makes an Adverse Board Recommendation Change in response to an event, occurrence, change, effect, condition, development, or state of facts or circumstances (other than related to a Competing Proposal or Superior Proposal, or any proposal) (Section 6.5). Additionally, the board may make such a change if it receives a Notice of Adverse Board Recommendation Change or a Notice of Superior Proposal from the Company and follows the procedures outlined in Section 6.5(d) and Section 8.1(c)(ii).Grounded to PREAMBLE · 9553ms
- Q11 PassWhat is the definition of a Superior Proposal in this agreement?A "Superior Proposal" is defined as a Competing Proposal (with all percentages in the definition of Competing Proposal increased to ninety percent (90%)) made by a Third Party on terms that the Company Board determines in good faith (after consultation with its legal counsel and financial advisors) and considering such factors as the Company Board considers to be appropriate, are more favorable to the Company’s stockholders than the transactions contemplated by this Agreement (including any changes to the terms of this Agreement committed to by Parent to the Company in writing in response to such Competing Proposal under the provisions of Section 6.5(d)) (Section 6.5).Grounded to Section 6.5 Non-Solicitation; Competing Proposals. · 10429ms
- Q17 PassDuring what window does Parent have matching rights after Twitter receives a Superior Proposal?Parent has matching rights during the period beginning on the end of the fourth (4th) full Business Day following Parent’s receipt of a written notice from the Company advising Parent that the Company Board intends to make an Adverse Board Recommendation Change or terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section 6.5(d) and Section 8.1(c)(ii) (a “Notice of Adverse Board Recommendation Change” or “Notice of Superior Proposal”), and ending on the earlier of the Effective Time or the date on which this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Section 8.1 (Section 6.5(d)).Grounded to Section 6.5 Non-Solicitation; Competing Proposals. · 10264ms
- Q20 PassDoes the agreement contain a 'no-shop' or 'non-solicitation' clause preventing Twitter from soliciting other bids?Yes, the agreement contains a "non-solicitation" clause preventing Twitter from soliciting other bids. Specifically, Section 6.5 prohibits the Company from soliciting, initiating, encouraging, or facilitating any Competing Proposal, and requires the Company to cease any existing solicitations or discussions related to Competing Proposals (Section 6.5 (Section 6.5)).Grounded to Section 6.5 Non-Solicitation; Competing Proposals. · 6927ms
MAC / MAE
- Q09 PassAre pandemics or epidemics (including COVID-19) excluded from the Material Adverse Effect definition?Yes, pandemics or epidemics (including COVID-19) are excluded from the definition of Company Material Adverse Effect. Specifically, changes, events, effects, or circumstances related to any epidemics, pandemics, or contagious disease outbreaks (including COVID-19) and any related COVID-19 Measures are explicitly excluded from the determination of a Company Material Adverse Effect (Section 1, definition of “Company Material Adverse Effect”).Grounded to ARTICLE I · 8354ms
- Q10 PassDoes the Material Adverse Effect definition include a disproportionate impact exception?No, the definition of "Company Material Adverse Effect" does not include a disproportionate impact exception. The definition specifies that certain factors, such as general economic conditions, changes in laws, or events like natural disasters, are excluded from consideration, but it does not mention anything about a disproportionate impact on specific groups or entities (Section 1).Grounded to ARTICLE I · 6365ms
General
- Q13 PassWhat law governs the interpretation of this agreement?The law governing the interpretation of this agreement is the laws of the State of Delaware, without giving effect to any choice or conflict of laws provision or rule (whether of the State of Delaware or any other jurisdiction) that would cause the application of the Laws of any jurisdiction other than the State of Delaware (Section 9.8).Grounded to ARTICLE VI · 6234ms
- Q19 PassIn which court must lawsuits arising out of this agreement be brought?Lawsuits arising out of this agreement must be brought in the Delaware Court of Chancery, any other court of the State of Delaware, or any federal court sitting in the State of Delaware (Section 9.10).Grounded to ARTICLE VI · 4929ms